Condition Basics

What is nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) lung disease?

Nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) lung disease is an infection of the lungs. It happens more often in people with existing lung disease, such as bronchiectasis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or cystic fibrosis (CF). Those who have a weakened immune system are also at higher risk. NTM lung disease is not contagious.

What causes it?

NTM lung disease is caused by a group of bacteria found in soil and water. When breathed into the lungs, the bacteria can cause an infection in some people. Most people who come into contact with the bacteria don't get sick.

What are the symptoms?

The symptoms of NTM lung disease vary. They can range from mild to more severe. People with NTM lung disease may have a cough that doesn't go away, and they may cough up mucus or blood. They may also have a fever or shortness of breath or feel very tired. Some may lose weight.

How is it diagnosed?

Your doctor will examine you and ask about your health history and symptoms. The doctor will take samples of sputum (a thick fluid made in the lungs and in the airways leading to the lungs) and test them for bacteria. The doctor may also do imaging tests, such as a chest X-ray or a chest CT scan.

How is it treated?

Your doctor will talk to you about your treatment options. Treatment depends on your symptoms, your health history, and the bacteria that caused your infection. Your doctor may suggest watching your condition a while. Or you may need treatment with multiple antibiotics for many months.

Treatment often takes a year or longer. During this time, you will be closely watched by your doctor. You will also have tests such as blood tests, sputum samples, and imaging tests. In some cases, your doctor may talk to you about surgery to remove the infected part of the lung.

How can you care for yourself at home?

• Take your medicines as prescribed and go to all follow-up care.
• Try to avoid infections such as COVID-19, colds, and the flu. Wash your hands often and stay up to date on vaccines, including flu, COVID-19, and pneumococcal vaccines. Ask your doctor if the RSV (respiratory syncytial virus) vaccine is right for you.
• If you smoke, vape, or use other tobacco or nicotine products, try to quit. If you can't quit, cut back as much as you can. If you need help quitting, talk to your doctor.
• Try to avoid things that could make your symptoms worse. These include secondhand smoke, the aerosol mist from vaping, chemical fumes, factory dust, soot, and air pollution. Talk to your doctor about ways to protect yourself if you are exposed to substances that irritate your lungs at home or at work.
• Try to be active every day. For many people, walking is a good choice. Or you may want to swim, bike, or do other activities.